When Was Hot Springs National Park Established?
When Was Hot Springs National Park Established?
Hot Springs National Park, located in central Arkansas, holds the unique distinction of being the oldest area in the United States managed for its natural features, even predating the creation of the National Park Service. It was officially established as a national park on March 4, 1921, but its protected status dates back nearly a century earlier.
A Legacy of Protection: 1832
The roots of Hot Springs National Park trace back to April 20, 1832, when the federal government set aside the land as the Hot Springs Reservation. This action, signed into law by President Andrew Jackson, marked the first time in U.S. history that land was set aside by the federal government to preserve its natural resources for public use — an early precursor to the national parks concept.
At the time, the idea of protecting land for public benefit was revolutionary. The reservation was created to preserve the 47 naturally flowing thermal springs that had long been known for their healing properties, first by Native American tribes and later by European settlers.
From Reservation to National Park
For decades after its designation, the Hot Springs Reservation was managed without a clear administrative structure. As tourism to the area grew, the government began developing bathhouses, trails, and other infrastructure to support public use of the springs.
In 1921, nearly 89 years after the original reservation was created, Congress officially redesignated the area as Hot Springs National Park. This brought it under the newly established National Park Service, which had been founded in 1916. The park became the 18th national park in the system, combining historical preservation with natural resource conservation.
| Year | Event |
|---|---|
| Pre-1800s | Native American tribes use the hot springs for healing and ceremonies. |
| 1803 | The Louisiana Purchase brings the Hot Springs area under U.S. control. |
| April 20, 1832 | Hot Springs Reservation is established by Congress — first U.S. land set aside to preserve natural resources. |
| 1877 | Federal government begins formal management and development of the springs. |
| 1892–1923 | Bathhouse Row is developed, featuring eight historic bathhouses. |
| August 25, 1916 | National Park Service is created by Congress. |
| March 4, 1921 | Hot Springs Reservation is redesignated as Hot Springs National Park, the 18th U.S. national park. |
| Present Day | Hot Springs National Park remains a unique blend of nature, history, and urban life. |
Why Hot Springs?
Hot Springs National Park is famed for its thermal waters, which emerge from the ground at an average temperature of 143°F (62°C). These waters are rich in minerals and have been used for centuries for their therapeutic benefits. Today, visitors can still enjoy the historic Bathhouse Row, a collection of eight bathhouses built between 1892 and 1923, some of which continue to offer spa services.
A Park in an Urban Setting
Unlike most national parks, Hot Springs is intimately woven into the fabric of the city of Hot Springs, Arkansas. It is often called “America’s Spa” and is unique for being both a natural and urban park, with hiking trails and forested hills standing beside historic buildings and vibrant city life.
Conclusion
Hot Springs National Park was officially established on March 4, 1921, but its history of federal protection dates back to 1832, making it the oldest federally managed natural area in the United States. With its rich history, healing waters, and cultural legacy, the park remains a beloved destination for both history enthusiasts and nature lovers alike.
